Seminar KLIVV 2005-01-26

John D. Reynolds
Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich

Title
Life histories and conservation biology of fish species

Abstract
Fish species are arguably the most threatened class of vertebrates. They are also the most controversial group for assessments of extinction risk, especially for marine species. Life histories may predict vulnerability, through their fundamental connections with ecology and population dynamics. Our comparative studies of marine fishes support the ‘big=vulnerable’ paradigm. This is not only due to greater fishing mortality on large-bodied species, but also due to demographic effects of correlated life histories, such as age at maturity. However, freshwater species show the opposite trend, with smaller species suffering more, through habitat loss. These findings match new research in birds, mammals and reptiles, which indicate that we must consider the specific nature of the threat to test predictions from life history theory. These findings address recent controversies concerning the vulnerability of fishes to extinction.

Position / Education / Degrees
Head of Population and Conservation Sector, School of Biological Sciences

Research Interests
I study conservation biology and evolutionary ecology, with an emphasis on linking these fields through studies of life histories and population dynamics. I use a combination of theory development and empirical studies of marine and freshwater fish species in the wild and in the lab, as well as large-scale comparative analyses. Much of this interest is illustrated by four recent books which I have co-written or co-edited, examining the interface between exploitation and conservation. Current research topics include:
(1) Conservation in relation to fisheries, based on phylogenetic comparative studies of life history traits that influence responses of fish populations to exploitation.
(2) Conservation of freshwater fishes, based on comparative studies of all native European and North American species.
(3) Sustainability and economics of hunting and trade in watersnakes in Cambodia.
(4) Predicting and understanding impacts of climate change on birds and fishes.
(5) Population dynamics and conservation in relation to a unique symbiosis between bitterling fish and their freshwater mussel hosts in England and the Czech Republic.
(6) Phylogenetic transitions in parental care and breeding systems in vertebrates.

Publications

Books

Marine Fisheries Ecology. (2001) By S. Jennings, M.J. Kaiser & J.D. Reynolds, Blackwell Science, Oxford. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632050985

Conservation of Exploited Species. (2001) Edited by J.D. Reynolds, G.M. Mace, K.H. Redford & J.G. Robinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://books.cambridge.org/0521787335.htm

Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 1, Fish Biology (2002) Edited by P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632054123

Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2, Fisheries (2002) Edited by P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=063206482X

Coral Reef Conservation. To be edited by I.M. Côté & J.D. Reynolds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (final chapters due to editors December 2004).

Refereed Papers and Book Chapters

Most of these can be downloaded from http://www.uea.ac.uk/bio/people/faculty/JR.html.

Bolle, L.J., Hunter, E., Rhijnsdorp, A.J., Pastoors, M.A., Metcalfe, J.D. & Reynolds, J.D. (in press) Do tagging experiments tell the truth? Using electronic tags to evaluate conventional tagging data. ICES Journal of Marine Science.

Green, R.E., Balmford, A.P., Crane, P.R., Mace, G.M., Reynolds, J.D. & Turner, R.K. (in press) Responding to the Johannesburg challenge: a framework for improved monitoring of biodiversity. Conservation Biology.

Hunter, E, Metcalfe, J. D., O'Brien, C.M., Arnold, G. P. & Reynolds, J. D. (in press) Vertical activity patterns of free-swimming adult plaice in the southern North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. & Greenstreet, S.P.R. (in press) Fish community responses to selective exploitation. In: Fisheries-induced Adaptive Change (eds. U. Diekmann, O.R. Godoe, M. Heino & J. Mork). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Mills, S.C., Taylor, M., & Reynolds, J.D. (in press) Benefits and costs to mussels from ejecting bitterling embryos: a test of the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis for host-parasite interactions. Animal Behaviour.

Reynolds, J.D. & Peres, C.A. (in press) Overexploitation. In: Principles of Conservation Biology (eds. M. Groom, G. Meffe & R. Carroll). Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Dulvy, N.K., Ellis, J.R., Goodwin, N.B., Grant, A., Reynolds, J.D. & Jennings, S. (2004) Methods of assessing extinction risk in marine fishes. Fish and Fisheries 5, 255-276.

Fleming, I.A. & Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Salmonid breeding systems. In: Evolution Illuminated: Salmon and Their Relatives. (eds. A.P. Hendry & S.C. Stearns), pp. 264-294. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hunter, E., Metcalfe, J.D., Arnold, G.P. & Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Impacts of migratory behaviour on population substructure in North Sea plaice. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 377-385.

Hutchings, J.A. & Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk. Bioscience 54, 297-309.

Mills, S.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (2004) The importance of species interactions in conservation: the endangered European bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus and its freshwater mussel hosts. Animal Conservation 7, 257-263.

Székely, T., Freckleton, R.P. & Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Sexual selection explains Rensch’s rule of size dimorphism in shorebirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 12224-12227.

Debuse, V.J., Addison, J.T. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Effects of breeding site density on sexual selection in the European lobster. Behavioral Ecology 14, 396-402.

Dulvy, N.K., Sadovy, Y. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries 4, 25-64.

Einum, S, Fleming, I.A., Côté, I.M. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Population stability in salmon species: effects of population size and female reproductive allocation. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 811-821.

Hunter, E., Metcalfe, J.D. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Migration route and spawning area fidelity by North Sea plaice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270, 2097-2103.

Lindenfors, P., Székely, T. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Directional changes in sexual size dimorphism in shorebirds, gulls and alcids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16, 930-938.

Mills, S.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Operational sex ratio and alternative reproductive behaviours in the European bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 54, 98-104.

Mills, S.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (2003) The bitterling-mussel interaction as a test case for coevolution. Journal of Fish Biology 63 (Supplement A), 84-104.

Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Life histories and extinction risk. In: Macroecology (eds. T.M. Blackburn& K.J. Gaston), pp. 195-217. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Reynolds, J.D. & Sheldon, B.C. (2003) Animal behaviour: wise fathers. Nature 422, 669-670.

Candolin, U. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Adjustments of ejaculation rates in response to risk of sperm competition in a fish, the bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 269, 1459-1553.

Candolin, U. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Why do males tolerate sneakers? Tests with the European bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 51, 146-152.

Côté, I.M. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Predictive ecology to the rescue? Science 298, 1181-1182.

Denney, N.H., Jennings, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Life-history correlates of maximum population growth rates in marine fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269, 2229-2237.

Dulvy, N.K. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Predicting extinction vulnerability in skates. Conservation Biology 16, 440-450.

Forsgren, E., Reynolds, J.D. & Berglund, A. (2002) Behavioural ecology of reproduction in fish. In: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 1, Fish Biology (eds. P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds), pp. 225-247. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Goodwin, N.B., Dulvy, N.K. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Life-history correlates of the evolution of live bearing in fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 357, 259-267.

Hart, P.J.B. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Banishing ignorance: underpinning fisheries with basic biology. In: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 1, Fish Biology (eds. P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds), pp. 1-11. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Hart, P.J.B. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) The human dimension of fisheries science. In: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2, Fisheries (eds. P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds), pp. 1-10. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Mills, S.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Host species preferences by bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus, spawning in freshwater mussels and consequences for offspring survival. Animal Behaviour 63, 1029-1036.

Mills, S.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Mussel ventilation rates as a proximate cue for host selection by bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus. Oecologia 131, 473-478.

Reynolds, J.D., Dulvy, N.K. & Roberts, C.R. (2002) Exploitation and other threats to fish conservation. In: Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2, Fisheries (eds. P.J.B. Hart & J.D. Reynolds), pp. 319-341. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Reynolds, J.D. & Gage, M.J.G. (2002) Animal mating systems. In Encyclopedia of Evolution, Volume 1 (ed. M. Pagel), pp. 696-699. Oxford University Press, New York.

Reynolds, J.D., Goodwin, N.B. & Freckleton, R.P. (2002) Evolutionary transitions in parental care and live bearing in vertebrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 357, 269-281.

Whiteman, E.A., Côté, I.M. & Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Do cleaning stations affect the distribution of territorial coral reef fishes? Coral Reefs 21, 245-251.

Candolin, U. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Sexual signaling in the European bitterling: females learn the truth by inspecting the resource. Behavioral Ecology 12, 407-411.

Côté, I.M., Mosqueira, I. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: a meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (Supplement A), 178-189.

Debuse, V.J., Addison, J.T. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Morphometric variability in UK populations of the European lobster. Journal of Marine Biological Association UK 81, 469-474.

Goodwin, N.B., Balshine, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Using phylogenies to test evolutionary hypotheses about cichlid fishes. Journal of Aquariculture & Aquatic Sciences 9, 256-268.

Liker, A., Reynolds, J.D. & Székely, T. (2001) The evolution of egg size in polyandrous shorebirds. Oikos 95, 3-14.

Mace, G.M. & Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Exploitation as a conservation issue. In: Conservation of Exploited Species (eds. J.D. Reynolds, G.M. Mace, K.H. Redford & J.G. Robinson), pp. 4-15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Reynolds, J.D. (2001) Breeding systems. In: Frontiers of Life, Vol. 4, pp. 299-311. Academic Press, San Diego.

Reynolds, J.D., Jennings, S. & Dulvy, N.K. (2001) Life histories of fishes and population responses to exploitation. In: Conservation of Exploited Species (eds. J.D. Reynolds, G.M. Mace, K.H. Redford & J.G. Robinson), pp. 148-168. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Dulvy, N.K., Metcalfe, J.D., Glanville, J., Pawson, M.K. & Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates. Conservation Biology 14, 283-293.

Jennings, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Impacts of fishing on diversity: from pattern to process. In: Effects of Fishing on Non-target Species and Habitats: Biological, Conservation and Socio-economic Issues (ed. M. J. Kaiser & S. J. de Groot), pp. 235-250. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Mosqueira, I., Côté, I.M., Jennings, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Conservation 4, 321-332.

Perdices, A., Doadrio, I., Côté, I.M., Machordom, A., Economidis, P. & Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Genetic divergence and origin of Mediterranean populations of the river blenny Salaria fluviatilis (Teleostei: Blenniidae). Copeia 2000, 723-731.

Pope, J.G, MacDonald, D.S., Daan, N., Reynolds, J.D., & Jennings, S. (2000) Gauging the impact of fishing mortality on non-target species. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 689-696.

Reynolds, J.D. & Jennings, S. (2000) The role of animal behaviour in marine conservation. In: Behaviour and Conservation (eds. L.M. Gosling & W.J. Sutherland), pp. 238-257. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Rickman, S.J., Dulvy, N.K., Jennings, S., & Reynolds, J.D (2000) Recruitment variation related to fecundity in marine fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 116-124.

Smith, C., Reynolds, J.D. & Sutherland, W.J. (2000) Population consequences of reproductive decisions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 1327-1334.

Smith, C., Reynolds, J.D., Sutherland. W.J. & Jurajda, P. (2000) Adaptive host choice and avoidance of superparasitism in the spawning decisions of bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 48, 29-35.

Székely, T., Reynolds, J.D. & Figuerola, J. (2000) Sexual size dimorphism in shorebirds, gulls and alcids: the influence of sexual and natural selection. Evolution 54, 1404-1413.

Côté, I.M., Vinyoles, D., Reynolds, J.D., Doadrio, I. & Perdices, A. (1999) Potential impacts of gravel extraction on Spanish populations of river blennies (Salaria fluviatilis: Pisces, Blenniidae). Biological Conservation 87, 359-367.

Debuse, V.J., Addison, J.T. & Reynolds, J.D. (1999) The effect of sex ratio on sexual competition in the European lobster. Animal Behaviour 58, 973-981.

Jennings, S., Greenstreet, S.P.R. & Reynolds, J.D (1999). Structural change in an exploited fish community: a consequence of differential fishing effects on species with contrasting life histories. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 617-627.

Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1999) Predicting the vulnerability of tropical reef fishes to exploitation with phylogenies and life histories. Conservation Biology 13, 1466-1475.

Jones, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1999) Costs of egg ventilation for male common gobies breeding in conditions of low dissolved oxygen. Animal Behaviour 57, 181-188.

Jones, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1999) Oxygen and the trade-off between egg ventilation and brood protection in the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps). Behaviour 136, 819-832.

Jones, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1999) The influence of oxygen stress on female choice for male nest structure in the common goby. Animal Behaviour 57, 189-196.

Kokko, H., Mackenzie, A., Reynolds, J.D., Lindström, J. & Sutherland, W.J. (1999) Measures of inequality are not equal. American Naturalist 154, 358-382.

Reynolds, J.D. (1999) Breeding systems. In: The Biology of Behaviour (eds. P. Bateson & E. Alleva), 289-302. Encyclopedia Italiana.

Reynolds, J.D. & Jones, J.C. (1999) Female preference for preferred males is reversed under low oxygen conditions in the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps). Behavioral Ecology 10, 149-154.

Rogers, S.I., Clarke, K.R. & Reynolds, J.D. (1999) The taxonomic distinctness of coastal bottom-dwelling fish communities of the North-east Atlantic. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 769-782.

Côté, I.M., Arnal, C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1998) Variation in posing behaviour among fish species visiting cleaning stations. Journal of Fish Biology 53 (Supplement A), 256-266.

Goodwin, N.B., Balshine-Earn, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (1998) Evolutionary transitions in parental care in cichlid fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 2265-2272.

Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. & Mills, S.C. (1998) Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 333-339.

Kokko, H., Sutherland, W.J., Lindström, J., Reynolds, J.D. & Mackenzie. A. (1998) Individual mating success, lek stability, and the neglected importance of statistical power. Animal Behaviour 56, 755-762.

Reynolds, J.D. (1998) [Choosiness, gamete-order hypothesis, harem, hotshot model, mate-defense polygyny, parental care, secondary sexual characteristics]. The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management (P. Calow, Editor in Chief). Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Reynolds, J.D. & Guillaume, H.P. (1998) Effects of phosphate on the reproductive symbiosis between bitterlings and freshwater mussels: implications for conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 35, 575-581.

Dulvy, N.K. & Reynolds, J.D. (1997) Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264, 1309-1315.

Jones, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1997) Effects of pollution on reproductive behaviour of fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7, 463-491.

Sutherland, W.J. & Reynolds, J.D. (1997) Sustainable and unsustainable exploitation. In: Conservation Science and Action (W.J. Sutherland, ed.). pp. 90-115. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Reynolds, J.D., Debuse, V.J. & Aldridge, D.C. (1997) Host specialisation in an unusual symbiosis: European bitterlings spawning in freshwater mussels. Oikos 78, 539-545.

Reynolds, J.D. & Székely, T. (1997) The evolution of parental care in shorebirds: life-histories, ecology and sexual selection. Behavioral Ecology 8, 126-134.

Johnstone, R.A., Reynolds, J.D. & Deutsch, J.C. (1996) Mutual mate choice and sex differences in choosiness. Evolution 50, 1382-1391.

Jones, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1996) Environmental variables. In Ecological Census Techniques: a Handbook (ed. W.J. Sutherland), pp. 281-316. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Reynolds, J.D. (1996) Animal breeding systems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, 68-72.

Deutsch, J.C. & Reynolds, J.D. (1995) The evolution of sex differences in mate choice. Perspectives in Ethology 11, 297-323.

Mackenzie, A., Reynolds, J.D., Brown, V.J. & Sutherland, W.J. (1995) Variation in male mating success on leks. American Naturalist 145, 633-652.

Mackenzie, A., Reynolds, J.D. & Sutherland, W.J. (1995) Measuring sexual selection. Nature 376, 471-472.

Reynolds, J.D. & Côté, I.M. (1995) Direct selection on mate choice: female redlip blennies pay more for better mates. Behavioral Ecology 6, 175-181.

Sutherland, W.J. & Reynolds, J.D. (1995) Honesty in sexual selection. Nature (News and Views) 375, 280-281.

Székely, T. & Reynolds, J.D. (1995) Evolutionary transitions in parental care in shorebirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 262, 57-62.

Reynolds, J.D. & Harvey, P.H. (1994) Sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences. In: The Differences Between The Sexes (ed. R.V. Short & E. Balaban), pp. 53-70. Cambridge University Press.

Reynolds, J.D. (1993) Should attractive individuals court more? Theory and a test. American Naturalist 141, 914-927.

Reynolds, J.D., Gross, M.R. & Coombs, M.J. (1993) Environmental conditions and male morphology determine alternative mating behaviour in Trinidadian guppies. Animal Behaviour 45, 145-152.

Reynolds, J.D. & Gross, M.R. (1992) Female mate preference enhances offspring growth and reproduction in a fish, Poecilia reticulata. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 250, 57-62.

Reynolds, J.D. & Gross, M.R. (1990) Costs and benefits of female mate choice: is there a lek paradox? American Naturalist 136, 230-243.

Reynolds, J.D. & Cooke, F. (1988) The influence of mating systems on philopatry: a test with polyandrous red-necked phalaropes. Animal Behaviour 36, 1788-1795.

Colwell, M.A., Reynolds, J.D., Gratto, C.L., Schamel, D. & Tracy, D. (1988) Phalarope philopatry. Proceedings International Ornithological Congress 19, 585-593.

Reynolds, J.D. (1987) Mating system and nesting biology of the red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus: what constrains polyandry? Ibis 129, 225-242.

Reynolds, J.D., Colwell, M.A. & Cooke, F. (1986) Sexual selection and spring arrival times of red-necked and Wilson’s phalaropes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 18, 303-310.

Reynolds, J.D. (1985) Sandhill crane use of nest markers as cues for predation. Wilson Bulletin 97, 106-108.

Reynolds, J.D. & Knapton, R.W. (1984) Nest-site selection and breeding biology of the chipping sparrow. Wilson Bulletin 96, 488-493.

Reynolds, J.D. (1982) Butterflies of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Ontario Field-Biologist 36, 71-78.

Invited Reviews

Reynolds, J.D. & Goodwin, N.B. (in press). Threats to fishes. In: 2004 IUCN Red List Analysis (website).

Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Red-necked phalaropes at La Pérouse Bay, 1982-1984. In: Birdlife of the Churchill Region: Status, History, Biology (by J.R. Jehl, Jr.), p. 84. Trafford Publishing, Victoria, Canada.

Crane, P.R. et al. (2003) Measuring biodiversity for conservation. Royal Society of London, U.K.

Reynolds, J.D., Bruford, M.W., Gittleman, J.L, & Wayne, R.K. (2003) Editorial: the first five years. Animal Conservation 6, 1-2.

Reynolds, J.D. (2002) Behind the scenes in the grant review process. NERC News Spring 2002, 12-13.

Debuse, V., Addison, J., & Reynolds, J. (2000) Battle within the sexes: the response to adult sex ratios. The Lobster Newsletter 13, 3-6.

Reynolds, J.D. & Mace, G.M. (1999) Risk assessments of threatened species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, 215-217.

Côté, I.M. & Reynolds, J.D. (1998) Tropical fish explosions and extinctions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 475-476.

Reynolds, J.D. (1998) The oystercatcher: from individuals to populations, and Oystercatchers and their estuarine food supplies (Book reviews). Quarterly Review of Biology 73, 219-220.

Reynolds, J.D. (1995) The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback (Book review). Journal of Animal Ecology 64, 418-419.

Reynolds, J.D. (1989) Populations and breeding schedules of waders, Charadrii, in High Arctic Greenland (Book review). Canadian Field-Naturalist 103, 108-109.

Reynolds, J.D. (1986) Nest-building and behavior of birds (Book review). Canadian Field-Naturalist 100, 441.

Reynolds, J.D. (1986) Shorebirds: breeding behavior and populations (Book review). Canadian Field-Naturalist 100, 292-293.

Reynolds, J.D. (1986) Philandering phalaropes. Nature Canada 15, 7-8.

Reynolds, J.D. (1985) Philandering phalaropes. Natural History 94, 58-64.

Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Conservation
School of Biological Sciences
University of East Anglia
Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

Tel: +44-1603 593210 or 592266 (secretary)
Fax: +44-1603 592250
Reynolds@uea.ac.uk
http://www.uea.ac.uk/bio/people/faculty/JR.html